'Amateur Astronomy'. Table of Cut-Away Views of the Outer Solar System Planets, With Moons

Table of Cut-Away Views of the Outer Solar System Planets, With Moons

Oceans beneath the crusts of tidally stressed moons may be more common and last longer than expected. The phenomenon applies to oceans made from either magma or water

Cut-Away Views of the Outer Solar System Planets, With Moons
Jupiter

a gas giant structure, with the pressure increasing and determining layers, with metallic hydrogen and ice, down to a minute rocky core. At these great depths, the hydrogen acts like an electrically conducting metal which is believed to be the source of the planet's intense magnetic field. Jupiter's core-density profile is matching a head-on impact with a planetary embryo about 10 times more massive than Earth. Such a impact might have shattered the gas giant's primordial compact core and mixed the heavy elements with the inner envelope. It took then billions of years for the proto-planet's heavy material to settle back into Jupiter's dense core, forming since a diluted core

Saturn

the same than at Jupiter. Mass of Saturn's core is of 15 to 18 Earth masses. Saturn's layers start rotating in synchrony at least by 5,600 miles (9,000 kilometers) in depth as surface clouds at Saturn's equator rotate 4 percent faster than deep layers

Uranus

the same pressure-layered structure, with methane like a new element however; and a small, somewhat larger than at Jupiter and Saturn, rocky core. The term 'mantle' is used at Uranus

Neptune

the same than at Uranus

Europa

most moons in the outher solar system, are icy worlds. Europe features a crust, an underlying ocean in contact with a rocky seafloor, a form of mantle, called a 'shell', and a metallic core. Europa’s salty ocean lies below a shell of ice probably 10 to 15 miles thick as it has an estimated depth of 40 to 100 miles. Europa underlying ocean might be venting plumes of water vapor as such plumes are interacting with the moon's magnetic field

Io

a core 400 to 600 miles (600-900km) in radius composed of iron and iron sulfide, a mantle, a asthenosphere -or a layer of molten or semi-molten magma of more than 30 miles (50 km) thick. And, eventually, a low-density, 20 to 30-mile (30 to 50-km) thick crust. Io ocean layer is likely a partially molten slurry or matrix with a mix of molten and solid rock. As the molten rock flows under the influence of gravity, it may swirl and rub against the surrounding solid rock, generating heat. That combined with tidal heating is a explanation to Io's volcanoes as to their concentration near the equator, and East

Ganymede

if differientated, a metallic or rocky core, some warmer, soft ice and a ice crust. Ganymede, might have ice and oceans stacked into several layers instead of a thick ocean sandwiched between just two layers of ice a study in 2014 showed a new model with locations devoided of ice at the bottom, where water and rock interact could be life-inducing. NASA scientists first suspected an ocean in Ganymede in the 1970s based upon theoretical models. In the 1990s, NASA's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede, confirming the moon's ocean, and showing it extends to depths of hundreds of miles. The spacecraft also found evidence for salty seas, likely containing the salt magnesium sulfate. Latest statements are that a subterranean saltwater ocean at Ganymede is thought to have more water than all the water on Earth's surface as scientists estimate the ocean is 60 miles (100 kilometers) thick and buried under a 95-mile (150-kilometer) crust of mostly ice, as ices and a saline ocean dominate the outer layers. A denser rock mantle lies deeper in the moon, and finally an iron core beneath that

Callisto

similar to Europa in that it has an underlying ocean, albeit much thinner (the thinner of the layers on the diagram, at 6-mile (10-kilometer) thick, which lie under the 124-mile (200-kilometer) thich layer of ice); a crust; no core with just rocks increasing in proportion from ice as one goes deeper

Titan

a shift in the position of surface features at Titan, as seen by the mission Cassini in 2008, is hinting to that an underlying ocean might be found too at that Saturn's Moon, with a structure not unlike Callisto's. Titan's icy crust sits atop a deep ocean of liquid water that probably acts much like Earth's upper mantle. Once a period of mountain-building ends, such a fluid layer allow the crust to relax. Such a salty subsurface ocean is beginning at 30 miles (50 kilometers) below the ice shell or the ocean might also be thin and sandwiched between ice layers, or thick and extending all the way down to the rocky interior. Also, at great depth, the water-ice bedrock of Titan is softer than rock on Earth. Despite these characteristics, mountains on Titan are towering too

Enceladus

Enceladus' ocean is a regional reservoir about 6-mile (10-kilometer) deep under a shell of ice 20/25-mile (30/40-kilometer) thick at Enceladus south pole, feeding the moon's polar jets of vapor, icy particles and organic molecules. Underneath is to be found a large, rocky core

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Jupiter
	a gas giant structure, with the pressure increasing and determining layers, with metallic hydrogen and ice, down to a minute rocky core. At these great depths, the hydrogen acts like an electrically conducting metal which is believed to be the source of the planet's intense magnetic field. Jupiter's core-density profile is matching a head-on impact with a planetary embryo about 10 times more massive than Earth. Such a impact might have shattered the gas giant's primordial compact core and mixed the heavy elements with the inner envelope. It took then billions of years for the proto-planet's heavy material to settle back into Jupiter's dense core, forming since a diluted core
Saturn
	the same than at Jupiter. Mass of Saturn's core is of 15 to 18 Earth masses. Saturn's layers start rotating in synchrony at least by 5,600 miles (9,000 kilometers) in depth as surface clouds at Saturn's equator rotate 4 percent faster than deep layers
Uranus
	the same pressure-layered structure, with methane like a new element however; and a small, somewhat larger than at Jupiter and Saturn, rocky core. The term 'mantle' is used at Uranus
Neptune
	the same than at Uranus

Europa
	most moons in the outher solar system, are icy worlds. Europe features a crust, an underlying ocean in contact with a rocky seafloor, a form of mantle, called a 'shell', and a metallic core. Europa’s salty ocean lies below a shell of ice probably 10 to 15 miles thick as it has an estimated depth of 40 to 100 miles. Europa underlying ocean might be venting plumes of water vapor as such plumes are interacting with the moon's magnetic field
Io
	a core 400 to 600 miles (600-900km) in radius composed of iron and iron sulfide, a mantle, a asthenosphere -or a layer of molten or semi-molten magma of more than 30 miles (50 km) thick. And, eventually, a low-density, 20 to 30-mile (30 to 50-km) thick crust. Io ocean layer is likely a partially molten slurry or matrix with a mix of molten and solid rock. As the molten rock flows under the influence of gravity, it may swirl and rub against the surrounding solid rock, generating heat. That combined with tidal heating is a explanation to Io's volcanoes as to their concentration near the equator, and East
Ganymede
	if differientated, a metallic or rocky core, some warmer, soft ice and a ice crust. Ganymede, might have ice and oceans stacked into several layers instead of a thick ocean sandwiched between just two layers of ice a study in 2014 showed a new model with locations devoided of ice at the bottom, where water and rock interact could be life-inducing. NASA scientists first suspected an ocean in Ganymede in the 1970s based upon theoretical models. In the 1990s, NASA's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede, confirming the moon's ocean, and showing it extends to depths of hundreds of miles. The spacecraft also found evidence for salty seas, likely containing the salt magnesium sulfate. Latest statements are that a subterranean saltwater ocean at Ganymede is thought to have more water than all the water on Earth's surface as scientists estimate the ocean is 60 miles (100 kilometers) thick and buried under a 95-mile (150-kilometer) crust of mostly ice, as ices and a saline ocean dominate the outer layers. A denser rock mantle lies deeper in the moon, and finally an iron core beneath that
Callisto
	similar to Europa in that it has an underlying ocean, albeit much thinner (the thinner of the layers on the diagram, at 6-mile (10-kilometer) thick, which lie under the 124-mile (200-kilometer) thich layer of ice); a crust; no core with just rocks increasing in proportion from ice as one goes deeper
Titan
	a shift in the position of surface features at Titan, as seen by the mission Cassini in 2008, is hinting to that an underlying ocean might be found too at that Saturn's Moon, with a structure not unlike Callisto's. Titan's icy crust sits atop a deep ocean of liquid water that probably acts much like Earth's upper mantle. Once a period of mountain-building ends, such a fluid layer allow the crust to relax. Such a salty subsurface ocean is beginning at 30 miles (50 kilometers) below the ice shell or the ocean might also be thin and sandwiched between ice layers, or thick and extending all the way down to the rocky interior. Also, at great depth, the water-ice bedrock of Titan is softer than rock on Earth. Despite these characteristics, mountains on Titan are towering too
Enceladus
	Enceladus' ocean is a regional reservoir about 6-mile (10-kilometer) deep under a shell of ice 20/25-mile (30/40-kilometer) thick at Enceladus south pole, feeding the moon's polar jets of vapor, icy particles and organic molecules. Underneath is to be found a large, rocky core